Isikhokelo sokuHlolwa koMgangatho weeToyi ezithambileyo

Ukuhlolwa komgangatho weethoyi ezithambileyo linyathelo elibalulekileyo kwinkqubo yokuvelisa, njengoko iqinisekisa ukuba imveliso yokugqibela ihlangabezana nokhuseleko, imathiriyeli kunye nemigangatho yokusebenza.Ukuhlolwa komgangatho kubalulekile kwishishini lezinto zokudlala ezithambileyo, njengoko iithoyi ezithambileyo zihlala zithengelwa abantwana kwaye kufuneka zihlangabezane nemithetho engqongqo yokhuseleko.

Iintlobo zeethoyi ezithambileyo:

Kukho iintlobo ezininzi zamathoyizi athambileyo kwimarike, kubandakanya amathoyizi athambileyo, izilwanyana ezixutyiweyo, oonopopi kunye nokunye.Amathoyizi ePlush athambileyo, amathoyizi athandeka ngokwesiqhelo enziwe ngelaphu kwaye afakwe ngokuzaliswa okuthambileyo.Izilwanyana ezigqunyiweyo zifana nezinto zokudlala ezimfumamfuma kodwa zihlala zenziwe zifane nezilwanyana zokwenyani.Oonopopi zizinto zokudlala ezithambileyo onokuthi uzisebenzise ngezandla zakho ukwenza inkohliso yokuhamba.Ezinye iintlobo zeethoyi ezithambileyo ziquka iintsana ze-beanie, imiqamelo, kunye nokunye.

ImiGangatho yokuHlola uMgangatho:

Kukho imigangatho eliqela ekufuneka iithoyi ezithambileyo zihlangabezane nazo ukuze zithathwe njengezikhuselekileyo nezikumgangatho ophezulu.Imigangatho yokhuseleko kwiithoyi ezithambileyo ziquka i-ASTM (uMbutho waseMelika woVavanyo kunye neZixhobo) kunye ne-EN71 (umgangatho waseYurophu wokhuseleko lwamathoyizi).Le migangatho ibandakanya iimfuno ezahlukeneyo zokhuseleko, kubandakanya izixhobo ezisetyenzisiweyo, ulwakhiwo, kunye neemfuno zokuleyibheli.

Izixhobo kunye nemigangatho yokwakha iqinisekisa ukuba amathoyizi athambileyo ayenziwa ngezinto ezikumgangatho ophezulu kwaye zakhiwe ngendlela eqinisekisa ukuqina kunye nokhuseleko.Imigangatho yokubonakala kunye nokusebenza iqinisekisa ukuba imveliso yokugqibela ibonakala inomtsalane kwaye isebenza njengoko kucetywayo.

Yintoni uMgangatho woKhuseleko we-ASTM F963?

I-ASTM F963 ngumgangatho wokhuseleko lwethoyi owaphuhliswa nguMbutho waseMelika kuVavanyo kunye neZixhobo (ASTM).Luluhlu lwezikhokelo kunye neemfuno zokusebenza kwiithoyi ezilungiselelwe ukusetyenziswa ngabantwana abangaphantsi kweminyaka eyi-14 ubudala.Umgangatho ugubungela iindidi ezininzi zokudlala, kubandakanywa oonodoli, amanani entshukumo, iiseti zokudlala, izinto zokudlala zokukhwela, kunye nezixhobo ezithile zemidlalo zolutsha.

Umgangatho ujongana nemiba eyahlukeneyo yokhuseleko, kubandakanya iingozi zomzimba kunye nezoomatshini, ukutsha, kunye neengozi zekhemikhali.Ikwabandakanya iimfuno zeeleyibhile zesilumkiso kunye nemiyalelo yokusetyenziswa.Injongo yalo mgangatho kukuqinisekisa ukuba izinto zokudlala zikhuselekile ukuze abantwana badlale ngazo kunye nokunciphisa umngcipheko wokwenzakala okanye ukufa ngenxa yeziganeko ezinxulumene nezinto zokudlala.

Umbutho waseMelika woVavanyo kunye neZixhobo (ASTM) F963, eyaziwa njenge “Standard Consumer Safety Specification for Toy Safety,” ngumgangatho wokhuseleko lokudlala ophuhliswe yiAmerican Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) esebenza kuzo zonke iintlobo zezinto zokudlala. ukungena eUnited States.Lo mgaqo wequmrhu lomgangatho wezizwe ngezizwe umisela ukuba izinto zokudlala kunye nezinto zabantwana kufuneka zithobele imichiza ethile, oomatshini, kunye neendlela zokutsha ezichazwe ngezantsi.

Uvavanyo lwe-ASTM F963 lweMechanical

I-ASTM F963 ibandakanyauvavanyo lomatshiniiimfuno zokuqinisekisa ukuba izinto zokudlala zikhuselekile ukuze abantwana badlale ngazo.Olu vavanyo luyilelwe ukuvavanya amandla ezinto zokudlala kunye nokuqina kwaye ziqinisekise ukuba azinamacala abukhali, amanqaku, kunye nezinye iingozi ezinokubangela ukwenzakala.Ezinye zeemvavanyo zoomatshini zibandakanyiwe kumgangatho zezi:

1. Umphetho obukhali kunye novavanyo lwamanqaku: Olu vavanyo lusetyenziselwa ukuvavanya ububukhali bemiphetho kunye namanqaku kwizinto zokudlala.Ithoyizi ibekwe kwindawo ethe tyaba, kwaye amandla asetyenziswa kumda okanye kwindawo.Ukuba ithoyizi ayiphumeleli kuvavanyo, kufuneka ihlaziywe okanye iguqulwe ukuphelisa ingozi.
2. Uvavanyo lwamandla e-tensile: Olu vavanyo lusetyenziselwa ukuvavanya amandla ezinto zokudlala.Isampulu yezinto eziphathekayo ixhomekeke kumandla obunzima de yophuke.Amandla afunekayo ekwaphuleni isampulu isetyenziselwa ukumisela amandla okuqina esixhobo.
3. Uvavanyo lwamandla empembelelo: Olu vavanyo lusetyenziselwa ukuvavanya ukukwazi kwento yokudlala ukumelana neempembelelo.Ubunzima buwiswa kwithoyizi ukusuka kumphakamo ochaziweyo, kwaye ubungakanani bomonakalo ogcinwe yithoyizi uyavavanywa.
4. Uvavanyo loxinzelelo: Olu vavanyo lusetyenziselwa ukuvavanya ukukwazi kwento yokudlala ukumelana noxinzelelo.Umthwalo usetyenziswa kwithoyizi kwicala le-perpendicular, kwaye inani le-deformation egcinwe yi-toy ihlolwe.

Uvavanyo lokutsha kwe-ASTM F963

I-ASTM F963 ibandakanya iimfuno zovavanyo lokutsha ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba izinto zokudlala azibonisi bungozi bomlilo.Olu vavanyo lwenzelwe ukuvavanya ukutsha kwezinto ezisetyenziswa kwizinto zokudlala kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba izinto zokudlala azifaki galelo ekusasazeni umlilo.Ezinye zeemvavanyo zokutsha ezibandakanyiweyo kumgangatho zezi:

1. Uvavanyo lokutsha komphezulu: Olu vavanyo lusetyenziselwa ukuvavanya ukutsha komphezulu wento yokudlala.Idangatye lisetyenziswa kumphezulu wento yokudlala kangangexesha elithile, kwaye ukusasazeka komlilo kunye nokuqina kuyavavanywa.
2. Uvavanyo lokutsha lwamacandelo amancinci: Olu vavanyo lusetyenziselwa ukuvavanya ukutsha kwamalungu amancinci anokuthi akhutshwe kwinto yokudlala.Ilangatye lisetyenziselwa inxalenye encinci, kwaye ukusasazeka komlilo kunye nokuqina kuyavavanywa.
3. Uvavanyo olutshisa kancinci: Olu vavanyo lusetyenziselwa ukuvavanya ukukwazi kwento yokudlala ukumelana nokutshisa xa ishiywe ingajongwanga.Ithoyizi ifakwe kwisithando somlilo kwaye ibonakaliswe kwiqondo lokushisa elichaziweyo kwixesha elithile-izinga apho ithoyizi litshisa ngayo ihlolwe.

Uvavanyo lweMichiza ye-ASTM F963

I-ASTM F963 ibandakanyauvavanyo lwekhemikhaliiimfuno zokuqinisekisa ukuba izinto zokudlala aziqulathanga izinto eziyingozi ezinokuginywa okanye ukuphefumlelwa ngabantwana.Ezi mvavanyo ziyilelwe ukuvavanya ubukho bekhemikhali ethile kwizinto zokudlala nokuqinisekisa ukuba azigqithi kwimida ebekiweyo.Olunye lweemvavanyo zeekhemikhali ezibandakanyiweyo kumgangatho zezi:

1. Uvavanyo lomxholo okhokelayo: Olu vavanyo lusetyenziselwa ukuvavanya ubukho belothe kwizinto zokudlala.Ilothe sisinyithi esinetyhefu esinokubenzakalisa abantwana xa sithe saginywa okanye sisekiwe.Ubungakanani belothe ekhoyo kwinto yokudlala iyalinganiselwa ukuqinisekisa ukuba ayigqithi kumda ovumelekileyo.
2. Uvavanyo lomxholo we-phthalate: Olu vavanyo lusetyenziselwa ukuvavanya ubukho be-phthalates kwizinto zokudlala.IiPhthalates ziikhemikhali ezisetyenziselwa ukwenza iiplastiki zibe bhetyebhetye ngakumbi, kodwa zinokubenzakalisa abantwana xa bezityile okanye zitsaliwe.Isixa se-phthalates kwithoyizi silinganiswa ukuqinisekisa ukuba ayidluli umda ovumelekileyo.
3. Uvavanyo olupheleleyo lwe-volatile organic compound (TVOC): Olu vavanyo lusetyenziselwa ukuvavanya ubukho bezinto ezixubileyo ze-organic compounds (VOCs) kwizinto zokudlala.Ii-VOCs ziikhemikhali eziphuma emoyeni kwaye zinokuphefumlelwa.Isixa see-VOC kwithoyizi silinganiselwa ukuqinisekisa ukuba ayigqithi kumda ovumelekileyo.

IiMfuno ze-ASTM F963 zokuleyibhela

I-ASTM F963 ibandakanya iimfuno zeelebhile zesilumkiso kunye nemiyalelo yokusetyenziswa ukunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba iithoyi zisetyenziswa ngokukhuselekileyo.Ezi mfuno zenzelwe ukubonelela abathengi ngolwazi olubalulekileyo malunga neengozi ezinokubakho ezinxulumene nethoyizi kunye nendlela yokusebenzisa into yokudlala ngokukhuselekileyo.Ezinye zeemfuneko zokuleyibheli ezibandakanyiweyo kumgangatho zezi:

1. Iileyibhile ezilumkisayo: Ielebhile zesilumkiso ziyafuneka kwizinto zokudlala ezinokuba yingozi ebantwaneni.Ezi lebhile kufuneka ziboniswe ngokucacileyo kwaye zichaze ngokucacileyo ubume bengozi kunye nendlela yokuphepha.
2. Imiyalelo yokusetyenziswa: Imiyalelo yokusetyenziswa iyafuneka kwizinto zokudlala ezinamalungu anokuthi adityaniswe okanye aqhawuke okanye anemisebenzi emininzi okanye iimpawu.Le miyalelo mayibhalwe ngokucacileyo nangokufutshane kwaye ibandakanye nawaphi na amanyathelo okhuseleko ayimfuneko okanye izilumkiso.
3. Ukuhlelwa ngokweminyaka yobudala: Izinto zokudlala mazibhalwe ngohlobo lweminyaka yobudala ukuze zincede abathengi bakhethele abantwana babo izinto zokudlala ezifanelekileyo.Ibanga lobudala kufuneka lisekelwe kubuchule bokukhula babantwana kwaye liboniswe ngokucacileyo kwinto yokudlala okanye kwipakethe yayo.
4. Ilizwe leMvelaphi: Ilizwe lemvelaphi yeempahla kufuneka likhankanywe ngaphakathi kokumakisha.Oku kufuneka kuboniswe kwipakethe yemveliso.

Ezinye zeeNkqubo ezibandakanyekayo kuHlolo lweeToys ezithambileyo:

1. UHlolo lwaPhambi kweMveliso:

Ukuhlolwa kwangaphambili kwemvelisolinyathelo elibalulekileyo kwinkqubo yokuhlola umgangatho, njengoko inceda ekuchongeni iingxaki ezinokubakho phambi kokuba inkqubo yemveliso iqale.Ngethuba lokuhlolwa kwangaphambili kwemveliso, iingcali zokulawula umgangatho zihlaziya amaxwebhu okuvelisa njengemizobo yoyilo kunye neenkcukacha zezinto eziphathekayo ukuqinisekisa ukuba zihlangabezana nemigangatho efunekayo kunye neemfuno.Bakwahlola imathiriyeli ekrwada kunye namalungu ukuqinisekisa ukuba akumgangatho owaneleyo wokusetyenziswa kwimveliso yokugqibela.Ukongeza, bayaqinisekisa ukuba izixhobo zemveliso kunye neenkqubo zisebenza kakuhle kwaye ziyakwazi ukuvelisa iimveliso ezikumgangatho ophezulu.

2. Uhlolo lwangaphakathi:

Ukuhlolwa kwe-in-line kuhlola inkqubo yokuvelisa ukuqinisekisa ukuba iimveliso ezigqityiweyo zihlangabezana nemigangatho efunekayo kunye neenkcukacha.Iingcali zolawulo lomgangatho zenza iitshekhi ezingakhethiyo zeemveliso ezigqityiweyo ukuchonga nokulungisa iingxaki njengoko zivela.Oku kunceda ukubamba iziphene kwangethuba kwinkqubo yemveliso kwaye kuthintele ukuba zingagqithiselwa kwinqanaba lokugqibela lokuhlolwa.

3. Uhlolo lokugqibela:

Uhlolo lokugqibela luvavanyo olubanzi lweemveliso ezigqityiweyo zokuqinisekisa ukuba zihlangabezana nalo lonke ukhuseleko, izixhobo kunye nemigangatho yokusebenza.Oku kubandakanya ukuvavanywa kokhuseleko kunye nokusebenza kunye nokuhlola ukupakishwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba kunomgangatho owaneleyo kwaye kunika ukhuseleko olwaneleyo kwithoyizi ethambileyo.

4. Amanyathelo oLungiso:

Ukuba iingxaki zichongiwe ngexesha lenkqubo yokuhlolwa komgangatho, kubalulekile ukuphumeza amanyathelo okulungisa ukulungisa nokuthintela ukuba zingenzeki kwakhona.Oku kunokubandakanya ukuchonga oyena nobangela wengxaki kunye nokuphumeza amanyathelo okuthintela ukunciphisa amathuba okuba neziphene kwixesha elizayo.

5. Ukugcinwa kweeRekhodi kunye noXwebhu:

Ukugcinwa kwerekhodi ngokuchanekileyo kunye namaxwebhu yimiba ebalulekileyo yenkqubo yokuhlolwa komgangatho.Iingcali zolawulo lomgangatho kufuneka zigcine iirekhodi ezifana neengxelo zokuhlolwa, kunye neengxelo zokulungisa ukulandelela inkqubela phambiliukuhlolwa komgangathoinkqubo nokuchonga iintsingiselo okanye iinkalo zokuphucula.

Ukuhlolwa komgangatho linyathelo elibalulekileyo kwinkqubo yokwenziwa kwezinto zokudlala ezithambileyo, njengoko iqinisekisa ukuba imveliso yokugqibela ihlangabezana nokhuseleko, imathiriyeli kunye nemigangatho yokusebenza.Ngokuphumeza inkqubo yokuhlola umgangatho ngokucokisekileyo, abavelisi banokuvelisa iithoyi ezithambileyo ezikumgangatho ophezulu ezihlangabezana neemfuno kunye nokulindelwe ngabathengi babo.